![]() To date, there have been attempts to integrate many different energy harvesting technologies with energy storage devices, such as solar cells, thermoelectric generators, piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). 3 A power management circuit is also typically indispensable, which may deal with AC–DC conversion, DC–DC conversion, power matching, impedance matching, etc. Self-charging power systems (SCPSs) refer to power devices integrated with energy harvesting and energy storage devices. On one hand, the unstable electricity generated by energy harvesters can be saved and accumulated to provide a stable power supply in a certain period on the other hand, energy storage devices may not require recharging or replacement if their power consumption is fully compensated by energy harvesters. Therefore, the integration of energy harvesting and energy storage devices becomes necessary. ![]() 2 However, the distributed renewable energy, including wind, solar, vibration and mechanical, are generally unstable and may vary with time, weather and location. ![]() Alternatively, it is a promising solution to supply power to each electronic sensing node of distributed IoT networks with distributed energy harvested from its working environment. Although portable energy storage has been powering the mobile information era with great success, it will fall short of powering the new era of IoT by itself. Traditional electric power transmitted by long-distance cables is certainly not applicable in most cases however, mobile electrochemical energy storage devices require frequent battery recharging or replacement. 1,2 Wirelessly connected sensors of the IoT, in gigantic quantities and wide geographical distribution, have to be powered with minimum or even without maintenance. However, this progress also creates new challenges for energy technologies. It is believed that the 5G technology together with the Internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence will promote a new industrial revolution in the near future. Energy has always been critical for human civilization.
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